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Marcus Marius Gratidianus (died 82 BC) was a praetor and a partisan of the popularist faction led by his uncle Gaius Marius during the Roman Republican civil wars of the 80s. Gratidianus is noted primarily for undergoing a particularly violent death during the Sullan proscriptions; in the most sensational accounts, he was tortured and dismembered at the tomb of Catulus by Catilina, in a manner that evoked human sacrifice. As praetor, Gratidianus is also known for his currency reform during the economic crisis of the 80s. ==Family and career== :''See also: Maria (gens).'' Gratidianus was the son of Maria, Marius's sister, and Marcus Gratidius of Arpinum. He was adopted by Marius's brother Marcus. An aunt of his married the Marcus Tullius Cicero who was the grandfather of the famous Cicero.〔Robin Seager, "Sulla," in ''The Cambridge Ancient History'' (Cambridge University Press, 2nd edition 1994), vol. 9, p. 173; A.R. Dyck, ''A Commentary on Cicero, De officiis'' (University of Michigan Press, 1996), p. 598.〕 Gratidianus may have had a particularly pungent relationship with one of his in-laws: his sister Gratidia could have been the first wife of Sergius Catilina, who was accused by Cicero of participating in his torture and murder.〔Evidence of the marriage from a fragment from Sallust's ''Historiae'' (1.37, with the commentary on the passage by P. McGushin, ''Sallust: the Histories'', 1992); see Ronald Syme, ''Sallust'' (University of California Press, 2002; originally published 1964), pp. 85–86 (online ); if they were married, "it can be taken that Catilina promptly discarded her." The existence of a marriage between Gratidianus's sister and Catilina is a subject of debate and often doubted.〕 Gratidius, his natural father, was a close friend of Marcus Antonius the orator and consul of 99 BC. He was killed ''ca.'' 102–100 BC while serving as a prefect under Antonius in Cilicia.〔Cicero, ''De legibus'' 36 and ''Brutus'' 168.〕 In 92 BC, Antonius deployed his famed oratorical skills in defending his friend's son when Gratidianus was sued by the oyster-breeder and real-estate speculator Sergius Orata in a civil case involving the sale of a property on the Lucrine Lake.〔Cicero, ''De oratore'' 1.178 and ''De officiis'' 3.67; E. Badian, "Caepio and Norbanus: Notes on the Decade 100–90 B.C.," ''Historia'' 6 (1957), 332; John H. D'Arms, "The Campanian Villas of C. Marius and the Sullan Confiscation," ''Classical Quarterly'' 18 (1968), p. 185, note 6.〕 Orata was not without his own high-powered speaker, in the person of Lucius Licinius Crassus. Cicero says Orata was trying to force Gratidianus to buy back the property when Orata's business plan for farm-raised oysters fell through, perhaps because of unforeseen complications arising from water rights or fishing rights.〔The legal grounds for the suit was easement (servitude), which Orata claimed (wrongly, according to Cicero) that Gratidianus had failed to disclose. For further discussion of the case, see Cynthia J. Bannon, "Servitudes for Water Use in the Roman ''Suburbium''," ''Historia'' 50 (2001), pp. 47–50.〕 Sometime before 91 BC, a claim, probably also a civil suit, was filed against Gratidianus by Visellius Aculeo, supported again by Crassus. A Lucius Aelius Lamia spoke on behalf of Gratidianus, but the grounds for the suit are unknown.〔Cicero, ''De oratore'' 2.262, 269; Erich S. Gruen, "Political Prosecutions in the 90's B.C.," ''Historia'' 15 (1966), p. 52, note 121; Michael C. Alexander, ''Trials in the Late Roman Republic, 149 BC to 50 BC'' (University of Toronto Press, 1990), pp. 173–174.〕 In 87 BC, Gratidianus was a tribune of the ''plebs''〔Unless otherwise noted, offices and dates are from T.R.S. Broughton, ''The Magistrates of the Roman Republic'', vol. 2, 99 B.C.–31 B.C. (New York: American Philological Association, 1952), pp. 50, 52 (note 8), 57, 59 (note 1), 60, 589. Some slight question exists as to whether Gratidianus was a tribune this year.〕 and thus among the six of the year's ten tribunes who left the city to take up arms when Cinna was banished.〔Seager, ''Cambridge Ancient History'', p. 174; Dyck, ''A Commentary on Cicero, De officiis'', p. 598.〕 He was a legate that same year, probably the commander named Marius〔Granius Licinianus (35.20 ); this Marius was probably not the son of Gaius Marius, who seems to have been with his father at the time.〕 who was sent north by Cinna with the objective of seizing Ariminum and cutting off any reinforcements that might be sent to Sulla from Cisalpine Gaul. This Marius succeeded at defeating Servilius Vatia Isauricus and took over his army.〔Seager, ''Cambridge Ancient History'', p. 176; Michael Lovano, ''The Age of Cinna'' (Franz Steiner, 2002), p. 87 (online. )〕 By the end of 87, Gratidianus had returned to Rome with Cinna and Marius. He took on the prosecution of Q. Lutatius Catulus, a move that was later to prove fateful. Catulus had been the consular colleague of Marius in 102 BC and had shared his triumph over the Cimbri, but had later broken with him. Rather than face the inevitable guilty verdict, Catulus committed suicide.〔Dyck, ''A Commentary on Cicero, De officiis'', p. 598; Bruce Marshall, "Catilina and the Execution of M. Marius Gratidianus," ''Classical Quarterly'' 35 (1985), p. 125, note 8; Erich Gruen, ''Roman Politics and the Criminal Courts, 149–78 B.C.'' (Cambridge, Mass., 1968), pp. 232–234.〕 The charge was probably ''perduellio'', submitted to the judgment of the people (''iudicium populi''), for which the punishment was death by scourging at the stake.〔Michael C. Alexander, ''Trials in the Late Roman Republic, 149 BC to 50 BC'' (University of Toronto Press, 1990), p. 60, citing primary sources on Gratidianus's prosecution of Catulus as Cicero, ''De oratore'' 3.9, ''Brutus'' 307, ''Tusculanae Quaestiones'' 5.56, ''De natura deorum'' 3.80; Diodorus Siculus 39.4.2; Velleius Paterculus 2.22.4; Valerius Maximus 9.12.4; Plutarch, ''Life of Marius'' 44.5; Appian, ''Bellum Civile'' 1.74; Florus, ''Epitome'' 2.9.15; Berne Scholiast on Lucan 2.173; Bobbio Scholiast 176 (Stangl); Augustine of Hippo, ''De civitate Dei'' 3.27.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Marcus Marius Gratidianus」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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